Rules, requirements, standards for the design and construction of stairs. Stairs. Requirements of regulatory documents (SNiP) Standards for designing stairs

Requirements for structures in construction, incl. and “Building Norms and Rules” (SNiP) are established for the stairs. In the specialized literature there is a selection of these documents relevant for the design of stairs.

You can easily find the entire documents through an online search.

Fundamental is SNiP 21-01-97 “Fire safety of buildings and structures”.

6.28. Height differences in the floor along escape routes are not allowed. less than 45 cm and projections, except for thresholds in doorways. In places where there is a difference in heights, stairs with at least three steps or ramps with a slope should be provided no more than 1:6. If the height of the stairs is more than 45 cm fences with railings should be provided.

On escape routes, the installation of spiral staircases, staircases completely or partially curved in plan, as well as winder and curved steps, steps with different tread widths and different heights within the flight of stairs and staircases is not allowed.

6.29. The width of a flight of stairs intended for the evacuation of people, including those located in a staircase, must be no less than the calculated width or no less than the width of any emergency exit (door) above, but, as a rule, no less than:

A) 1.35 m- for class buildings F1.1 (children's preschool educational institutions, homes for the elderly and disabled, hospitals);

b) 1.2 m- for buildings with a number of people on any floor other than the first, more 200 people.;

V) 0.7 m- for stairs leading to single workstations;

G) 0.9 m- for all other cases.

6.30. The slope of stairs on escape routes should, as a rule, be no more than 1:1 ; tread width - as a rule, not less 25 cm, and the height of the step is no more 22 cm.

The slope of open stairs for access to single workstations may be increased up to 2:1.

It is allowed to reduce the width of the tread of curved main staircases in the narrow part up to 22 cm; the width of the treads of stairs leading only to premises (except for premises F5 class categories A And B) with a total number of jobs no more than 15 people. - before 12 cm. (F5 - industrial or warehouse buildings).

6.31. The width of staircase landings must be no less than the width of the flight, and in front of the entrances to elevators with swing doors - no less than the sum of the width of the flight and half the width of the elevator door, but not less 1.6 m. Intermediate platforms in a straight flight of stairs must have a length of at least 1m.

Doors opening onto the staircase, in the open position, should not reduce the design width of landings and flights.

6.32. In staircases it is not allowed to place pipelines with flammable gases and liquids, built-in cabinets, except for communications cabinets and fire hydrants, openly laid electrical cables and wires ( excluding electrical wiring for low-current devices) to illuminate corridors and staircases, provide exits from freight elevators and freight elevators, and also place equipment protruding from the plane of the walls at a height up to 2.2 m from the surface of treads and landings of stairs.

8.9. Between flights of stairs and between handrails of fences of flights of stairs, a gap should be provided with a width in plan in the light of not less than 75 mm.

The second regulatory document for the construction of stairs will be SNiP 02/31/2001 “Single-apartment residential houses”.

6.7. In houses with a height of two floors, it is allowed to use internal open staircases as evacuation stairs ( 2nd type according to SNiP21-01), as well as spiral staircases and staircases with winder steps. The fire resistance limit and fire hazard class of staircase elements, as well as its width and slope are not regulated.

7.3. The height of the railings of stairs, balconies, loggias, terraces, roofs and other places of dangerous height changes must be sufficient to prevent falls and be not less than 0.9 m.

Fences must be continuous, equipped with handrails and designed to withstand loads not less than 0.3 kN/m.

The permissible load on the stairs is determined by SNiP 2.01.07-85 with changes 2003 of the year.

3.10. Load-bearing elements of floors, coverings, stairs and balconies (loggias) must be tested for concentrated vertical load applied to the element in an unfavorable position on a square area with sides no more than 10 cm(in the absence of other temporary loads).

If the construction task, based on technological solutions, does not provide for higher standard values ​​of concentrated loads, they should be taken equal:

A) For floors and stairs - 1.5 kN (150 kgf);

b) For attic floors, coverings, terraces and balconies - 1.0 kN (100 kgf);

V) For surfaces on which you can move only with the help of ladders and bridges - 0.5 kN (50 kgf).

Elements designed for possible local loads from equipment and vehicles during construction and operation may not be tested for the specified concentrated load.

3.11. Standard values ​​of horizontal loads on handrails of staircases and balconies railings should be taken equal to:

A) For residential buildings, preschool institutions, holiday homes, sanatoriums, hospitals and other medical institutions - 0.3 kN/m (30 kgf/m);

b) For stands and sports halls - 1.5 kN/m (150 kgf/m);

V) For other buildings and premises in the absence of special requirements - 0.8 kN/m (80 kgf/m).

It is very important when designing and building stairs to take into account the established rules. The correct distance must be maintained to move forward.

You also need to observe the height for descent as well as ascent. The ratio can be calculated correctly using two main parameters. The distance between the steps and between their edges is calculated in centimeters. The formula for a secure ladder gives us forty-five degrees.

There are some more rules. If the building has more than two floors, there must be flights of stairs, and they must be much larger. Mobile ladders can only be used for attics or basements. The width of the spans must be the same. One span can have from three to seventeen degrees, the number being odd.

As already mentioned, the ideal elevation angle is forty-five degrees. But the minimum limit is twenty-six degrees. According to GOST, the height of the degree should be from one hundred fifty to two hundred millimeters. The steps must be of the same height in the span. The difference is only possible within five millimeters. The width of the steps must be at least two hundred and fifty millimeters. If we are talking about a basement or attic, a number of two hundred millimeters is acceptable.

The protrusion of the step should not exceed thirty millimeters. There should be at least one meter of space from the step to the door. The platform on the stairs is at least 1.3 meters. Stair railing must be at least nine hundred millimeters high.

SNIP standards

Some standards have been created for safety. It is very important to adhere to all the rules. This guarantees convenient, safe use of the staircase structure in the future. According to SNIP, calculations must be carried out accordingly. It is necessary to take into account all factors that may affect the design, its reliability, as well as functional qualities. The type of staircase and its style are also very important.

It is also worth considering the loads that may be encountered during operation. Moreover, it is very important to think about what age people will be using the stairs and whether they will be comfortable doing so. Consider whether the stairs will be safe for children to walk on.

So, let's look at the main requirements for creating a staircase. This design must be planned in all details at the time of design, and even the preparation of all necessary documentation. To design a structure, you need to determine where it will be located, what the height of a certain room is, what the area of ​​free space is, and what the maximum loads on it will be.

Now you can choose materials for the structure that will be needed during the work process. The most important thing we need to do now. We make the necessary calculations.

We do this before we begin the actual construction work. In the technical documentation for the project of the entire house, all dimensions of future staircase structures must be indicated.

Only when the entire project is finally approved and approved can installation work begin.

Staircase calculations must be made in such a way as to prevent future damage that could simply stop the operation of the structure. Also, in the future there should be no cracks or deformations that could affect the safety of the residents of the house and users of the stairs. According to SNIP standards, stairs located in residential premises must have a certain width.

It should not be less than 0.9 meters. Exactly the same requirements are provided for basements and basements.

If the building is sectional, then the flights of stairs have completely different parameters. In this case, the width of the march cannot be less than one meter. According to SNIP, the width of the march should be at least a little more than one meter. It is important to note that the width of the march is the distance between the fence and the wall, or railing. According to generally accepted standards, if there are differences in floor levels, then the staircase will have at least three steps. The march between floors will be no more than eighteen climbs. An exception can only be in the case of a spiral staircase.

It is very important what the height will be from the step to the ceiling. The height should be at least one hundred and ninety, two hundred meters. If the distance is less, it will cause inconvenience when moving up the stairs.

Standards for step sizes

There are certain rules and regulations that must be followed during construction and finishing work. They differ depending on the purpose of the room. These standards also apply to the design of staircase structures. User safety largely depends on compliance with these standards.

The staircase is a complex architectural and design structure. The rules that are established for its design can be adjusted in case of special specifics of the layout. One of the most important standards is that the angle of inclination should not exceed forty-five degrees.

This is a very important rule to remember. If you exceed this standard, the rise of the steps will be too steep. Naturally, this will be both inconvenient and unsafe.

The second standard helps to correctly adjust the height of stair steps. The width of the step is determined by the size of the human foot. She must match it. The most convenient width is from two hundred eighty to three hundred twenty millimeters. If the width is increased beyond the standards, it can make it difficult to step and make it difficult to walk up the stairs. If the standard is reduced, then it will be very uncomfortable to go down the stairs.

The width of the flight on the stairs also has its own standards. Most optimal size is from six hundred to seven hundred millimeters. This allows a person to move up the stairs without any obstacles. It is important to remember that this is the minimum indicator for the width of the march. The most popular width, which is very common, ranges from nine hundred to one thousand millimeters. This option is convenient for people with any shape and weight.

When a person climbs stairs, he spends much more energy than when walking on a flat area. Therefore, experts believe that by doubling the size of the riser, the most satisfactory staircase designs can be created. That is, it is necessary to add the width of one step.

Conclusion

So, we have learned a lot about how to avoid mistakes when calculating the stairs, especially its steps. Knowing the basic requirements, it will be much easier to make a comfortable, reliable ladder that will serve you for many years.

Staircase design standards - GOST, snip, standard sizes set steps, treads and risers - height, width, slope flight of stairs how many steps in a flight of stairs is the maximum number

Message
sent.

EVACUATION ROUTES

1.90. The number of climbs in one flight between platforms (except for curved stairs) must be no less than 3 and no more than 16. In single-flight stairs, as well as in one flight of two- and three-flight stairs within the first floor, no more than 18 rises are allowed.

1.91. Flights of stairs and landings must have fences with handrails.

1.92*. Handrails and fences in buildings of preschool institutions and on the floors of schools and educational buildings of boarding schools, where premises for the first grades are located, must meet the following requirements:

the height of stair railings used by children must be at least 1.2 m, and in preschool institutions for children with mental disabilities - 1.8 or 1.5 m with a continuous mesh fence;

in stair railings, vertical elements must have a clearance of no more than 0.1 m (horizontal divisions in railings are not allowed);

the height of the porch fencing when climbing three or more steps should be 0.8 m.

When the estimated width of stairs, passages or hatches in the stands of open and indoor sports facilities is more than 2.5 m, dividing handrails should be provided at a height of at least 0.9 m. When the estimated width of a hatch or staircase is up to 2.5 m, for hatches or stairs wider than 2.5 m dividing handrails are not required.

1.93. External stairs (or parts thereof) and platforms with a height of more than 0.45 m from the sidewalk level at entrances to buildings, depending on the purpose and local conditions, must have fences.

1.94. The slope of staircases in above-ground floors should be no more than 1:2 (except for the staircases of stands in sports facilities).

The slope of flights of stairs leading to the basement and ground floors, to the attic, as well as stairs in above-ground floors not intended for evacuation of people, is allowed to be 1: 1.5.

The slope of ramps on the routes of movement of people should be no more than:

inside a building, structure...................1:6

in hospitals of medical institutions................1:20

outside........................................1:8

on the routes of movement of disabled people

in wheelchairs inside and outside the building............1:12

Note. The requirements of this paragraph and paragraph 1.90 do not apply to the design of passages with steps between rows of seats in auditoriums, sports facilities and auditoriums.

1.95. The slope of the grandstand staircases of open or indoor sports facilities should not exceed 1:1.6, and provided that handrails (or other devices replacing them) are installed along the escape routes along the grandstand staircases at a height of at least 0.9 m - 1:1.4 .

The installation of ladders or steps on escape routes in hatches is not allowed.

1.96. Width of flight of stairs in public buildings should be no less than the width of the exit to the staircase from the most populated floor, but not less than, m:

1.35 - for buildings with more than 200 people on the most populated floor, as well as for buildings of clubs, cinemas and medical institutions, regardless of the number of places;

1.2 - for other buildings, as well as in the buildings of cinemas, clubs leading to premises not associated with the presence of spectators and visitors in them, and in the buildings of medical institutions leading to premises not intended for staying or visiting patients;

0.9 - in all buildings leading to a room with up to 5 people simultaneously staying in it.

The intermediate platform in a straight flight of stairs must have a width of at least 1 m.

The width of landings must be no less than the width of the flight.

1.97. In staircases intended for the evacuation of people both from above-ground floors and from the basement or basement floors, separate exits to the outside from the basement or basement floors should be provided, separated to the height of one floor by a blind fire partition of the 1st type.

Separate staircases for communication between the basement or ground floor and the first floor leading to the corridor, hall or lobby of the first floor are not taken into account in the calculation of the evacuation of people from the basement or ground floor.

If a staircase from the basement or ground floor opens into a ground floor lobby, then all stairs in the above-ground part of the building, except for the exit to this lobby, must have direct access to the outside.

1.98. As a rule, spiral staircases and winder steps, as well as split landings, should not be provided on escape routes. When constructing curved staircases (except for medical buildings and outpatient clinics) leading from office premises with the number of permanent residents of no more than 5 people, as well as curved front staircases, the width of the steps in the narrow part of these staircases must be at least 0. 22 m, and service stairs - at least 0.12 m.

1.99. In the IV climatic region and in the IIIB climatic subregion, the construction of evacuation external open stairs is allowed (except for inpatient medical institutions).

1.100. External open staircases with a slope of no more than 45° in buildings of preschool institutions and no more than 60° in other public buildings, used in all climatic regions as a second evacuation exit from the second floor of buildings (except for school buildings and boarding schools, preschool institutions for children with disabilities of physical and mental development and inpatient medical institutions of all degrees of fire resistance, as well as preschool institutions of general type II-V degrees of fire resistance), should be designed for the number of evacuees no more than, people:

70 - for buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance

50 - "" III degree "

30 - ““ IV and V degrees “

The width of such stairs must be at least 0.8 m, and the width of the solid treads of their steps must be at least 0.2 m.

When creating a passage to external open staircases through flat roofs(including non-operational) or external open galleries, load-bearing structures of coatings and galleries should be designed with a fire resistance limit of at least 0.5 hours and a zero fire spread limit.

1.101. Staircases should be designed with natural light through openings in the external walls (except for basement stairs, as well as grate stairs in buildings of entertainment enterprises).

In no more than 50% of the stairwells of 2-story buildings of fire resistance degrees I and II, as well as 3-story buildings, when a clearance between flights of stairs is at least 1.5 m, only overhead lighting can be provided.

At the same time, in-patient buildings of medical institutions must provide for the automatic opening of staircase lights in the event of a fire.

In station buildings, at least 50% of staircases intended for evacuation must have natural lighting through windows in the external walls. Stairs without natural light must be smoke-free, type 2 or 3.

1.102. One of the internal staircases in buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance up to nine floors high can be open to the entire height of the building, provided that the room where it is located is separated from adjacent corridors and other rooms by fire partitions.

When installing automatic fire extinguishing throughout the building, it is not necessary to separate rooms with open stairs from corridors and other rooms.

In hospital hospitals, open staircases are not included in the calculation of evacuation of people in case of fire.

In buildings of I - III degrees of fire resistance, the internal staircase from the lobby to the second floor can be open if the lobby is separated from corridors and other rooms by fire partitions with ordinary doors and fire-resistant ceilings.

In buildings of retail trade and public catering enterprises of fire resistance levels I and II, the staircase from the first to the second or from the ground floor to the first floor can be open even in the absence of a vestibule. At the same time, these stairs or ramps for retail establishments can be taken into account in the calculation of evacuation routes only for half the number of customers located in the corresponding sales area, and for the evacuation of the remaining customers, at least two closed staircases should be provided. The length of an open staircase (or ramp) should be included in the distance from the most distant point of the floor to the emergency exit to the outside, but its area is not included in the area of ​​the main escape passages.

In a complex of theater auditoriums, no more than two staircases can be open, while the remaining staircases (at least two) must be in closed stairwells. Open staircases as evacuation stairs are taken into account from the floor level of the lobby to the floor level of the next floor. On subsequent floors, isolated evacuation passages leading to closed staircases should be arranged from the premises of the spectator complex.

From the premises of public buildings, regardless of their purpose (auditoriums, classrooms, educational and retail premises, reading rooms, etc., except storerooms for combustible materials and workshops), one of the exits can be directly to the vestibule, dressing room, floor hall and foyer adjacent to open stairs.

When placing foyers, dressing rooms, smoking rooms and restrooms in the basement or basement floor, separate open staircases can be provided from the basement or basement floor to the first floor.

In theater buildings, in the complex of stage service premises, at least two staircases should be provided in closed staircases with natural light, with exits to the attic and roof.

1.103. The stage box must have two fire escapes of the 2nd type, brought to the roof of the stage and communicating with the working galleries and grate.

For evacuation from work galleries and grate flooring, it is allowed to provide external fire escapes in the absence of grate staircases.

1.104. External fire escapes should be located at a distance between them of no more than 150 m along the perimeter of buildings (except for the main facade). The need to install external fire escapes is determined by SNiP 2.01.02-85 and clause 1.103 of these building codes and regulations.

1.105. The width of the emergency exit from the corridor to the stairwell, as well as the width of the flights of stairs, should be set depending on the number of people evacuating through this exit based on 1 m of exit (door) width and the degree of fire resistance of buildings (except for cinema buildings, clubs, theaters and sports facilities) :

I, II................................... no more than 165 people.

III, IV, IIIb........................ « « 115 «

V, IIIa, IVa ........................ « « 80 «

1.106. The largest number of people simultaneously staying on a floor in school buildings, boarding schools and boarding schools at schools, when calculating the width of evacuation routes, must be determined based on the capacity of educational premises, premises for labor training and sleeping quarters, as well as the sports and assembly hall - lecture hall located on this floor.

1.107. Width of exit doors from classrooms with an estimated number of students of more than 15 people. must be at least 0.9 m.

1.108. The greatest distance from any point in halls of various sizes without seats for spectators to the nearest emergency exit should be taken according to the table. 8. When combining the main evacuation passages into a common passage, its width must be no less than the total width of the combined passages.

Table 8

Purpose of the halls	Fire resistance degree	Distance, m, in halls with volume, thousand cubic meters
1. Waiting rooms for visitors, cash registers,
exhibition, dance, recreation, etc.
2. Dining and reading rooms near the square
each main passage based on not
less than 0.2 cubic meters for each person evacuating along it
3. Shopping areas with the area of ​​the main evacuation passages, % of the hall area:
at least 25

1.109. The distance along evacuation routes from the doors of the most remote premises of public buildings (except for restrooms, washrooms, smoking rooms, showers and other service premises), and in preschool institutions - from the exit from the group cell to the exit outside or to the staircase should be no more than specified in table 9. The capacity of rooms facing a dead-end corridor or hall should be no more than 80 people.

The capacity of rooms facing a dead-end corridor or hall of school buildings, vocational and special educational institutions of I-IIl fire resistance degrees with a height of no more than 4 floors should be no more than 125 people. In this case, the distance from the doors of the most remote rooms to the exit to the far staircase should be no more than 100 m.

Given in table. 9 distances should be taken for buildings: kindergartens - according to gr. 6; schools, vocational, secondary special and higher educational institutions - according to gr. 3; hospitals of medical institutions - according to gr. 5; hotels - according to gr. 4. For other public buildings, the density of human flow in the corridor is determined by the design.

Table 9

Fire resistance degree	Distance, m, with human traffic density during evacuation *, person/sq.m
A. From rooms located between staircases or external exits
B. From rooms with exits to a dead-end corridor or hall
* The ratio of the number of people evacuating from premises to the area of ​​the evacuation route.

1.110. The width of the emergency exit (door) from halls without seats for spectators should be determined by the number of people evacuating through the exit according to Table. 10, but not less than 1.2 m in halls with a capacity of more than 50 people.

Table 10

Purpose of the halls	Fire resistance level of the building	Number of people per 1 m width emergency exit (door) in halls with a volume, thousand cubic meters
1. Trade - with the area of ​​the main
evacuation passages - 25% or more
hall area; dining and reading rooms - with a flow density in each main aisle of no more than 5 people/sq.m
2. Trade - with the area of ​​the main
evacuation passages less than 25%
hall area, other halls

1.111. The width of the main evacuation passages in the sales area must be at least m:

1.4 - with a retail area of ​​up to 100 sq.m.

1.6 - " " " St. 100 " 150 "

2 - " " " " 150 " 400 "

2.5 - " " " St. 400 "

The area of ​​the passages between the turnstiles, the booths of cashiers and the passages on the outside of the trading floor along the checkout center is not included in the area of ​​the main evacuation passages.

1.112. To calculate evacuation routes, the number of customers or visitors to consumer service enterprises simultaneously present in the sales area or premises for visitors should be taken per person:

for shops in cities and towns, as well as for consumer service enterprises - 1.35 sq.m of sales area or premises for visitors, including the area occupied by equipment; for shops in rural areas - 2 sq.m. of sales area;

for markets - 1.6 sq.m of market trading floor.

The number of people simultaneously present in the showroom and family event hall should be based on the number of seats in the hall.

When calculating evacuation from store sales areas, future expansion of the sales area should be taken into account.

1.113. When calculating emergency exits in buildings of retail trade and public catering enterprises, it is allowed to take into account service staircases and exits from the building directly connected to the hall or a direct passage (corridor), provided that the distance from the most remote point of the trading floor to the nearest service staircase or exit buildings no more than indicated in the table. 8.

The construction of emergency exits through unloading premises is not permitted.

1.114*. The number of people per 1 m of width of evacuation routes from the stands of open sports facilities should be taken according to the table. eleven*.

Table 11*

	Number of people per 1 m width of the escape route
fire resistance of structures	along the stairs of the tribune passages leading		through the hatch from aisles of the podium leading
III, IlIa, IIIb and

The total number of evacuees per evacuation hatch, as a rule, should not exceed 1,500 people. with stands of I, II degrees of fire resistance; with stands of the third degree of fire resistance, the number of evacuees should be reduced by 30%, and with stands of other degrees of fire resistance - by 50%.

1.115*. Evacuation routes from sports halls with stands for spectators and other auditoriums in buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance must ensure evacuation within the required time given in Table. 12.

For buildings III, IlIa, IIIb and IV degrees of fire resistance given in table. 12 data should be reduced by 30%, and for fire resistance degree V - by 50%.

When evacuation exits from halls (with a volume of 60 thousand cubic meters or less) are located above the floor level of the hall by half or more of the height of the room, the required evacuation time should be halved (indicated in Table 12).

If the volume of the hall W is more than 60 thousand cubic meters, the required evacuation time from it should be determined by the formula

but no more than 6 minutes.

The required evacuation time, calculated by the formula, should be reduced by 35% when emergency exits are located at half the height of the room and by 65% ​​when they are located at a height of 0.8 times the height of the room. For intermediate or smaller values, the required time should be taken by interpolation, and for larger values, by extrapolation.

The required evacuation time from a building with a hall volume of more than 60 thousand cubic meters should not exceed 10 minutes.

The required time for evacuating people from the stage (stage) should be no more than 1.5 minutes, and the number of evacuated people should be determined at the rate of 1 person. on 2 sq.m of stage (stage) area.

Evacuation time for smoke-free staircases in calculation of evacuation time from the building

Should not be taken.

1.116. In indoor sports facilities, the number of spectators evacuating through each exit (hatch, door) from a hall with a volume of more than 60 thousand cubic meters should be no more than 600 people.

When constructing a stall in a sports arena and there are only two exits, the distance between them must be at least half the length of the hall.

1.117. The width of escape routes must be at least m:

1.0 - horizontal passages, ramps and stairs in the stands of indoor and outdoor sports facilities;

1.35 - evacuation hatches of stands of indoor sports facilities;

1.5 - evacuation hatches of stands in open sports facilities.

1.118. Width doorways in the auditorium should be 1.2-2.4 m, the width of the corridors should be at least 2.4 m. The width of the doorway for entering the boxes is allowed 0.8 m.

Doors exiting the auditorium and on evacuation routes of sports facilities (including hatches) must be self-closing with sealed recesses.

1.119. The depth of seats, chairs and benches in the auditorium should ensure that the width of the aisles between the rows is at least 0.45 m.

The number of continuously installed seats in a row should be no more than 26 for a one-way exit from a row, and no more than 50 for a two-way exit.

1.120. Calculation of the total width of emergency exits from dressing rooms with dressing rooms located separately from the lobby in the basement or ground floor should be carried out based on the number of people in front of the barrier, equal to 30% of the number of hooks in the dressing room.

Table 12

	Required evacuation time
Types of halls	from the hall at his volume *, thousand cubic meters							from the building to
Halls with a grate stage
Halls without a grate stage
* The volume of the hall is determined by the internal enclosing structures (in halls with stands - without taking into account the volume of the stands). For intermediate volume values, the required evacuation time from the hall should be determined by interpolation.

1.121. In premises designed for a one-time stay of no more than 50 people. (including an amphitheater or auditorium balcony), with a distance along the passage from the most remote workplace to the emergency exit (door) of no more than 25 m, it is not necessary to design a second emergency exit (door).

1.122. In the buildings of schools and boarding schools, wood processing workshops and a combined metal and wood processing workshop must be provided with an additional exit directly outside (through an insulated vestibule) or through a corridor adjacent to the workshops, in which there is no exit from classrooms, classrooms and laboratories .

1.123. The number of emergency exits from the stage (stage), working galleries and grate flooring, from the hold, orchestra pit and safe of rolled up scenery should be designed at least two.

1.124. In year-round cinemas, as well as clubs in the halls of which films are shown, escape routes are not allowed to be designed through premises that, according to the design instructions, are designed for simultaneous occupancy of more than 50 people.

When designing seasonal cinemas without a foyer, the entrance to the auditorium can be considered the second evacuation exit from the hall.

1.125. In auditoriums with a capacity of no more than 500 seats with a stage (in cinemas - regardless of capacity), a passage through the hall can be used as a second emergency exit from the stage.

1.126. When designing rooms divided into parts by transforming partitions, emergency exits from each part should be provided.

1.127. Evacuation of spectators on the balcony should not be carried out through the sports, assembly or auditorium halls.

1.128. Exits from the control rooms and light projection rooms to the premises of the spectator complex may be made through non-flammable vestibules with self-closing doors made of non-combustible materials or a corridor.

1.129. In one-story buildings of retail trade enterprises with a retail area of ​​up to 150 sq.m., located in rural settlements, it is allowed to use the exit through a group of non-retail premises, excluding storerooms, as a second exit from the trading floor.

1.130*. Entrances and staircases for service personnel must be separate from entrances and staircases for customers, as well as for visitors to consumer service enterprises with an estimated area of ​​more than 200 sq.m.

Entrances to storerooms and other non-trade premises should be located on the side of the production groups of premises. In enterprises with a retail area of ​​up to 250 sq.m, it is allowed to provide additional exits to the sales area for supplying goods from storerooms adjacent to the sales area.

1.131. Hotels located in station buildings must have independent evacuation routes.

Exits from 50% of staircases, as well as corridors of station buildings, into the combined passenger hall, which has exits directly outside, to an external open overpass or to a platform, are considered evacuation exits.

1.132. Corridors with a length of more than 60 m should be separated by partitions with self-closing doors located at a distance of no more than 60 m from one another and from the ends of the corridor.

In ward buildings of medical institutions, corridors should be separated by type 2 fire partitions with a distance between them of no more than 42 m.

1.133. If the difference in floors is more than 1 m in one or in adjacent rooms (not separated by a partition), a fence with a height of at least 0.8 m or another device must be provided around the perimeter of the upper level to prevent people from falling. This requirement does not apply to the side of the stage plank facing the auditorium.

1.134. In the stands of sports facilities, if the difference in floor elevations of adjacent rows is more than 0.55 m, a fence with a height of at least 0.8 m must be installed along the aisle of each spectator row, which does not interfere with visibility.

1.135. On balconies and tiers of sports and auditoriums in front of the first row, the height of the barrier must be at least 0.8 m.

Barriers should be equipped with devices to prevent objects from falling down.

1.136. On glazed doors in preschool institutions, schools, holiday homes and sanatoriums for parents with children, protective grilles must be provided to a height of at least 1.2 m.

ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS

FOR BUILDINGS 10 STORIES OR MORE HIGH

1.137. In buildings with a height of 10 above-ground floors or more, staircases should be smoke-free.

One of the two staircases (or 50% of the staircases if there are more) must be smoke-free type 1.

The axial distance between the doors of floor exits and entrances to these staircases must be at least 2.5 m. Entrances to smoke-free staircases are not allowed to be designed through floor-to-floor elevator halls. Smoke-free staircases should not be placed in internal corners external walls of the building.

The remaining staircases should be designed as smoke-free type 2 or 3.

Staircases of the 2nd type must be divided into compartments by installing a solid wall made of non-combustible materials at the height of the floor, having a fire resistance limit of at least 0.75 hours. Smoke protection of such staircases should be provided by supplying outside air to the upper part of the compartments. Excess pressure must be at least 20 Pa in the lower part of the staircase compartment and no more than 150 Pa in the upper part of the staircase compartment with one door open.

The performance of fans, the cross-section of shafts and valves are determined by calculation.

Note. In 9-storey buildings and buildings with fewer floors, having a height from the average planning level of the ground to the floor level of the upper floor (not counting the upper technical floor) of more than 30 m, staircases should be designed in accordance with the requirements for 10 - 16-storey buildings.

1.138. The exit from a smoke-free staircase of the 2nd type to the lobby should be arranged through a vestibule with air pressure during a fire.

1.139. The walls of staircases with air pressure should not have any other openings other than windows in the external walls and doors leading to floor corridors, lobbies or outside, as well as openings for air supply to create excess pressure.

1.140. Internal walls and partitions (including those made of translucent materials) separating escape routes should be made of non-combustible materials with a fire resistance rating of at least 0.75 hours.

1.141. The number of passenger elevators should be determined by calculation, but, as a rule, not less than two. It is allowed to replace the second elevator with a freight elevator, in which it is allowed to transport people, if, according to the calculation of vertical transport in the building, the installation of one passenger elevator is sufficient.

One of the elevators in the building (passenger or freight) must have a cabin depth of at least 2100 mm to be able to transport a person on a stretcher.

Freight elevators should be provided in accordance with technological requirements.

1.142*.(K) Passenger elevators should be provided in buildings:

Research institutes, higher educational institutions and institutes of advanced training when the difference between the floor elevations of the entrance vestibule and the floor of the upper floor (except for the technical upper) is 13.2 m or more;

management institutions, design, engineering and credit and financial institutions with a height of more than 3 floors. In the buildings of the executive committees of the Councils of People's Deputies and other institutions frequently visited by the population, starting from the 3rd floor;

hospitals and maternity hospitals:

elevators for buildings of medical institutions (hereinafter referred to as hospital elevators) when ward departments are located on the 2nd and above floors;

outpatient clinics:

hospital elevators in buildings with a height of 2 floors or more;

passenger elevator with a cabin depth of at least 2100 mm in buildings with a height of 2 and 3 floors;

sanatoriums and health resorts:

passenger elevators - in buildings with a height of 3 floors or more;

hospital elevator - when medical premises are located above the first floor in buildings with a height of 2 floors or more;

hotels and motels of the highest categories “A” and “B” with a height of 2 floors or more;

hotels, tourist centers and motels of the first category with a height of 3 floors or more;

the same, category II and below, as well as all other recreation and tourism institutions with a height of 4 floors or more;

catering establishments when placing halls above the third floor;

consumer service enterprises with a height of 4 floors or more.

Notes*: 1. In residential buildings of sanatoriums for patients with disorders

musculoskeletal system one of the elevators must be a sick leave.

2. The need to install elevators and other vertical means

transport in public buildings of lower number of floors and heights, as well as

not specified in this paragraph, is established by the assignment for

design.

1.143. In public buildings with a height of 10 floors or more, one of the passenger elevators must be designed to transport fire departments.

1.144. The distance from the doors of the most remote room to the door of the nearest passenger elevator should be no more than 60 m.

1.145. Exits from passenger elevators should be designed through the elevator hall.

In buildings up to 10 floors high, exits from no more than two elevators are allowed to be located directly on the landing.

The width of the elevator hall of passenger elevators must be at least:

with a single-row arrangement of elevators - 1.3 times the minimum depth of the elevator cabin;

with a two-row arrangement - double the minimum cabin depth, but not more than 5 m.

In front of elevators with a cabin depth of 2100 mm or more, the width of the elevator hall must be at least 2.5 m.

From storerooms and other premises for storing and processing flammable materials, exit directly to the elevator hall is not allowed.

1.146. Shafts and machine rooms of elevators should not be directly adjacent to the premises for children in preschool institutions; to educational premises in educational institutions, to residential premises located in public buildings, to auditoriums and reading rooms, club rooms, work areas and offices with permanent residence of people.

In medical and outpatient clinics, sanatoriums, shafts and machine rooms of elevators and lifts should be located at a distance of at least 6 m from wards and treatment and diagnostic rooms. The distance can be reduced by implementing appropriate noise protection measures.

1.147. The doors of elevator shafts in the basement and ground floors should open into halls or vestibules fenced with fire partitions. The doors of elevator halls and vestibules must be fireproof, self-closing, with sealed doorways, and on the side of the elevator shafts they can be made of flammable materials (without glazing).

WASTE REMOVAL AND DUST COLLECTION

1.148. In public buildings, a system for garbage removal and dust collection, temporary (within sanitary standards) storage of garbage and the possibility of its removal should be provided.

In large public buildings and complexes, the design of pneumatic waste disposal systems should be determined by the design assignment based on the technical and economic feasibility of their operation.

1.149. Garbage chutes (in the absence of a pneumatic waste removal system) should be provided with:

in 3-story or more buildings of higher educational institutions, hotels and motels with 100 beds or more;

in 2-story or more hospital buildings with 250 beds or more and maternity hospitals with 130 beds or more;

in 5-story or more buildings for other purposes.

The need to install garbage chutes in other public buildings is established by design assignment if justified.

For buildings that are not equipped with garbage chutes, a garbage collection chamber or utility area should be provided (in cities, it must have a hard surface).

1.150. The system for removing waste from a building should be calculated based on regional standards for daily waste accumulation (taking into account the degree of improvement of the building).

The means of removing waste from the building must be linked to the cleaning system of the populated area.

1.151. The garbage chute shaft must be airtight and soundproofed from building structures and must not be adjacent to residential or office premises with permanent occupancy.

1.152. The garbage collection chamber should be placed directly under the barrel of the garbage chute.

The waste collection chamber must not be placed under living rooms or adjacent to them, as well as under premises with permanent occupancy.

The clear height of the camera must be at least 1.95 m.

The waste collection chamber must have an independent entrance opening outwards, isolated from the entrance to the building by a blank wall (screen), and be separated by fire partitions and ceilings with a fire resistance rating of at least 1 hour and zero limits of fire spread.

The floor level of the waste collection chamber should rise above the level of the sidewalk or adjacent roadway within 0.05 - 0.1 m. It is allowed to place cameras at a different level if mechanization of waste removal is ensured.

1.153. A centralized or combined vacuum dust collection system should be provided in the following buildings:

theaters, concert halls, museums;

reading and lecture halls and library book depositories with 200 thousand items or more;

stores with a sales area of ​​6,500 sq.m. or more;

buildings of hotels, sanatoriums, recreation and tourism institutions, inpatient medical institutions for 500 beds or more;

management institutions, research institutes, design and engineering organizations with a staff of 800 people. and more;

specialized buildings with increased sanitary and hygienic requirements.

The need to design a central or combined vacuum dust collection system in other buildings should be established by design assignment during a feasibility study.

In other cases, it is necessary to provide dust cleaning of the premises with household vacuum cleaners or manual (wet).

1.154. When designing a combined vacuum dust collection system, the service radius of one intake valve should be no more than 50 m.

1.155. In the absence of centralized or combined dust collection, the design of the vacuum cleaner filter cleaning chamber is determined according to the design specifications.

DAYLIGHT

AND INSOLATION OF PREMISES

1.156. In addition to SNiP II-4-79, it is allowed to design without natural light: premises that are allowed to be located in the basement floors; assembly halls; conference rooms, lecture halls and lobbies; shopping areas; salons for visitors of consumer service enterprises; demonstration, sports and demonstration and sports and entertainment halls and skating rinks; rooms for instructors and coaching staff; massage rooms, steam rooms, as well as dry heat baths; parking spaces, pantries, reception areas and rooms for staff of preschool institutions; anesthesia, preoperative, hardware, weighing, thermostatic, microbiological boxes, sanitary checkpoints, as well as in accordance with the design assignment, operating rooms, treatment rooms, X-ray diagnostic rooms and other similar rooms and premises.

Lighting with only the second light can be provided: in rooms that can be designed without natural light (except for storerooms, sales areas of stores and book depositories); in toilets and kitchen utensil washing facilities of preschool institutions; in reception and dressing rooms of preschool institutions designed for construction in climate subdistricts IA, IB, IG, as well as changing and waiting rooms in baths and bath-health complexes.

1.157. In buildings designed for construction in areas with an average monthly July temperature of 21 ° C and above, light openings of rooms with constant presence of people in the room and rooms where, according to technological and hygienic requirements, the penetration of sunlight or overheating of the room are not allowed, when the openings are oriented within 130-315° openings must be equipped with sun protection.

Protection from the sun and overheating can be provided by the space-planning solution of the building. In buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance with a height of 5 floors or more, external sun protection should be made of non-combustible materials. In one- and two-story buildings, sun protection can be provided by landscaping.

1.158. In buildings less than 10 floors high, smoke removal must be provided in corridors without natural light intended for the evacuation of 50 or more people. Corridors used for recreational purposes in educational buildings should have natural light.

1.159. Rooms with natural light should be ventilated through transoms, vents or other devices, with the exception of rooms where, according to technological requirements, air penetration is not allowed, or air conditioning must be provided.

1.160. In buildings designed for climatic regions III and IV, through or corner ventilation of rooms with constant occupancy must be provided (including through a corridor or adjacent room)*.

* With the exception of rooms where, according to technological requirements, the penetration of outside air is not allowed.

1.161. The placement of group rooms in preschool institutions, classrooms of grades 1 - 4 in secondary schools and boarding schools and bedrooms in boarding schools must provide insolation in accordance with SNiP 2.07.01-89.

1.162. Regardless of the lighting (side, top or combined), left-sided light distribution should be provided in the classrooms of schools and boarding schools. If there is insufficient standard natural lighting, additional artificial lighting is necessary.

1.163*. The orientation of room windows according to cardinal directions in medical institutions should be taken in accordance with Table. 13*.

Table 13*

	Geographic latitude
Premises		within	north
Operating rooms, resuscitation rooms, dissection rooms, delivery rooms
Laboratories for bacteriological research, for receiving infectious material and its analysis, autopsy
Wards for tuberculosis and infectious diseases patients
Intensive care wards, children's departments up to 3 years old, playrooms in children's departments	Not allowed to the west, for ICU wards to the west and southwest
* No more than 10% of the total number of beds in the department is allowed. Note. In chambers facing west in areas of 55° N latitude. and to the south, for children aged 3 years and older and for adults, protection of premises from overheating by sunlight (blinds or other devices) should be provided.

The topic of our article is regulatory documents regulating the size, location and other characteristics of stairs. We will analyze several GOSTs and SNiPs into types of stairs for various purposes and from different materials. So let's get started.

Regulatory document

Studying the regulatory documents will lead us to an interesting conclusion: there are no SNiPs for fire escapes regulating their placement, dimensions and other characteristics. But there is GOST R 53254-2009, which describes stationary external fire escapes and roof railings.

It is worth clarifying: a significant part of the SNiP clauses is advisory in nature. GOST in the field of production and placement of fire escapes must be strictly observed.

Basic provisions

Let's quickly study the text of the standard and highlight the main points.

• Firefighting staircases can be vertical or continuous. For marchers, the presence of a fence is mandatory; for vertical ones it is necessary at a height of more than 6 meters. It is worth mentioning that in old houses, vertical stairs leading to the roof were installed without fencing at any height.
• If the height of the building or the difference between roof sections is more than 20 meters (which corresponds to six floors), only flight stairs are used.

• Material – metal. No options. Wooden portable ladders were once used in fires but have now been replaced by lightweight, durable and non-flammable aluminum ones. Stationary structures are made only of steel.
• The steps must withstand a vertical load of at least 180 kgf. Fences – horizontal load of at least 54 kgf.
• Scale, rust, cracks and burrs are unacceptable.
• Strength tests are carried out at least once every five years. Check (visual inspection) – at least once a year. The instructions are quite understandable: corrosion and other adverse effects should not make evacuation in case of fire dangerous.
• The width of a vertical staircase with a fence should not be less than 80 cm, without a fence - 60, and a marching staircase - the same 60 cm.
• The height of the fencing of the main fire escape is 100 cm, the height of the roof is 60.

Steel stairs

Regulatory document

SNiP for metal stairs was approved back in 1981 and is numbered II-23-81. To be precise, this is not only SNiP for stairs: the document is called “Steel Structures”; however, a significant part of its points is applicable in our case.

Its general provisions indicate the need for savings through the use of efficient profiles of metal structures (a typical example is the use of an I-beam instead of a square beam), unification and standardization of structures through the use of standard structural elements.

Basic provisions

• The regulatory document regulates the methods of connecting structural elements: manual arc welding and bolts. Actually, there are no other options.
• Supporting elements of structures are made of carbon steel or gray cast iron.

A caveat: the use of cast iron is permissible only where there are no shock loads. However, it is practically not used in staircase designs.

• All steel elements must be protected from corrosion by zinc or paint coating.

In addition, SNiP describes methods for calculating the strength of structures; There you can also find recommendations on the use of steel and cast iron grades in various climatic conditions.

Marches and cages

Regulations

Are there any SNiPs for staircases?

1. We will find some of the requirements in SNiP 21-01-97, which regulates the fire safety of buildings for various purposes. The document extends some of the points of the same SNiP to staircases.
2. GOST 9818 describes the production, installation and dismantling of reinforced concrete in more detail.

Basic provisions

SNIP 21-01-97

• The width of the flight in public buildings is at least 1.35 meters, in buildings with the number of people on the floor (except, of course, the first) 200 and above - 1.2 m, in the case of stairs leading to a separate workplace - 0.7 m . In all other cases, the minimum width of the march is 90 centimeters.
• Maximum march slope – 1:1 (45 degrees). The walkway leading to a single workstation can have a slope of up to 1:2 (60 degrees).
• The width of the tread should not be less than 25 cm, the height of the step should not be more than 22 centimeters.

However: if the staircase leads to a room with no more than 15 workplaces, if urgently necessary, the width of the tread can be reduced to 12 centimeters.

• Venues should no longer contain marches. In this case, the minimum length of the intermediate platform breaking the straight march is 1 meter.
• Doors opening onto the site in the open position must not reduce the width of the escape route.. Hence the practical consequence: enclosing a stairwell with a wooden or metal partition is illegal and dangerous.
• There should be no pipelines with flammable gases and liquids in staircases.

Author's note: this requirement is violated all the time. In many houses (including relatively new buildings), the gas pipeline is brought into the apartments through the internal staircase. At the height of the thefts of non-ferrous metals in the 90s, the author had the opportunity to observe a partially disassembled plug valve on a gas pipeline in the entrance (fortunately, without fatal consequences for residents).

• Only utility cabinets and fire hydrants are allowed in stairwells. There should not be any drawers or cabinets for household purposes.
• Open gasket electrical cables prohibited. An exception is low-current devices (lighting is not included).
• Heating of staircases according to SNiP is permitted if the layout of the staircase prevents it from becoming smoke-filled. However, there is a contradiction here: at a height of up to 2.2 meters from the floor level, no equipment should protrude beyond the walls. A compromise would be to place a radiator or register in a wall niche.

GOST 9818

Most of the text of the standard is devoted to technology, standard sizes and tolerances in the production of reinforced concrete flights, landings and overhead treads.

Let's highlight the most important.

• The length of the march is limited to 18 steps.
• The standard tread width is 30 cm. It varies from 13 to 15 cm.
• The width of typical flights and platforms is from 1050 to 1500 mm.

It is worth clarifying: when building a house with your own hands according to the rules fire safety at least one interfloor staircase must have a width of at least 900 mm. It is clear that the price of increasing the dimensions of the staircase is a reduction in the usable area of ​​the room; however, safety should still come first.

• The minimum design load for flights and platforms used in public buildings and industrial structures is 480 kgf/m2, in residential buildings – 360 kgf/m2.

There is no separate SNiP for the installation of staircases and landings, although the procedure for working with prefabricated reinforced concrete structures is covered in SNiP 3.03.01-87. The maximum permissible deviations from the horizon, vertical and specified dimensions are also indicated there.

Fencing

Regulations

Are there any SNiPs for staircase and roof railings?

1. Requirements for fencing in residential multi-apartment buildings are set out in SNiP 01/31/2003.
2. Private houses are subject to SNiP 02/31/2001.
3. For industrial buildings, SNiP 31-03-2001 is relevant.
4. The standards for the construction of public buildings are described by SNiP 05/31/2003.

Basic provisions

• In apartment buildings, the height of handrails in dangerous places must be equal to or exceed 1200 mm. Both marches and platforms are fenced with railings with handrails. The fencing design is continuous, designed for a horizontal load of at least 30 kgf/linear meter.
• In single-family residential buildings, the requirements for the strength and design of the railings are the same, but the height may be slightly less - 0.9 meters.

However: if the height of the stairs is more than 6 meters, the minimum height of the fence is taken to be 1000 mm.

• For industrial buildings, the regulatory document specifies only the minimum height of roof railings - 0.6 meters. If the roof is surrounded by a parapet, 60 cm is the minimum total height of the parapet and the fence installed on it.
• The requirements for fencing in public buildings are the same as in single-family houses - 0.9 meters with a calculated horizontal load of at least 0.3 kN/linear meter. At the same time, on the issue of requirements for the design of fences, the document refers us to GOST 25772, which contains a description of steel enclosing structures for stairs, balconies and roofs.

Wooden stairs

Regulations

There are two SNiPs on. More precisely, two regulatory documents that regulate their construction: in the names the phrase “ wooden staircase” does not appear.

1. SNiP II-25-80 regulates construction wooden structures.
2. Sanitary standards and regulations numbered 2.08.01-89 cover many aspects of the construction of residential buildings in general.

Basic provisions

We present to the reader a compilation of the key points of both documents.

Since the priority area for the construction of wooden stairs is private houses, we will limit ourselves to them.

• Staircases should have natural light.
• The number of steps in a march is from 3 to 18.
• Fences with handrails are required. We have already touched on the requirements for fencing.
• For two- and three-story houses, the minimum width of the stairs is 1.05 meters; however, for internal stairs it is 0.9 m.
• The slope of the interior stairs should not exceed 1:1.25 (which corresponds to an angle to the horizon of 40 degrees).
• For any wooden structures, it is recommended to use softwood; however, hardwoods should be used for dowels, steps and other elements subject to severe stress.

• The wood should not have knots or cross-layers. Humidity – no more than 12 percent. For rocks that are not very resistant to decay, treatment with an antiseptic is mandatory.

Useful: relatively inexpensive larch does not rot even in a humid environment in the absence of antiseptic or paint protection. However, its wood is very resinous (in fact, that’s why it doesn’t rot) and gives very painful splinters.

Requirements for people with reduced mobility

Regulatory document

SNiP 35-01-2001 for stairs and ramps sets out the requirements for their design in terms of accessibility for disabled people and the elderly.

The goals pursued by the norms introduced in it are:

1. Ensure that buildings are accessible to people with limited mobility.
2. Make movement and evacuation safe.

Basic provisions

• The width of stairs and ramps for people with limited mobility should not be less than 1.35 meters. For widths of 2.5 meters or more, additional dividing handrails are required.
• All steps within one flight are made of the same geometry and size.
• The maximum step height is 15 centimeters. The minimum tread width is 30 cm.
• The edges of the steps must be rounded. The side of the tread farthest from the wall is equipped with a two-centimeter side.
• The maximum height of the ramp is 0.8 meters, the maximum slope is 8 degrees.

Clarification: with a height of less than 0.2 meters, a slope of up to 10 degrees is acceptable.

• The minimum width of a ramp for one-way traffic is 1 meter.
• Handrails are required on both sides of stairs or ramps. For the ramp they are made double, at a height of 0.7 and 0.9 meters (for wheelchair users and for pedestrians).

The photo shows a ramp with a double handrail.

• Along the edge of the ramp there is a side with a height of at least 5 centimeters.

Conclusion

Within the framework of the article, we have outlined only the main points of the listed regulatory documents. In the video presented in this article you will find additional information on this topic.

Good luck in construction!

When designing stairs, their manufacture and installation, you should strictly observe the points of GOST standards and adhere to the requirements of SNiP (building codes and regulations). The second type of regulatory documents is recommended for implementation, but is not strictly mandatory. They are designed to prevent gross errors in the design of wooden, interfloor concrete, spiral, flight and fire stairs in constructed residential and public buildings. Based on SNiP standards, they build facilities that are safe (during descent and ascent) for people, easy to use, do not provoke dangerous situations and comply with the rules for evacuation of residents.

There are basic design requirements and separate SNiPs for each type of stairs located inside and outside residential and public buildings. At the stage of drawing up a house project, it is the general norms that are applied. They state that:

• In buildings with more than 2 floors, the main staircases must have a common span;
• Transformable species as the main ones for use in multi-storey buildings not allowed. Their purpose is safe access to basements and attics;
• The width of the main staircase depends on its capacity:
• The passage of one person is strictly 0.8 meters wide;
• Passage for 2 people at the same time - width strictly from 1.0 meters;
• Regardless of the capacity, the flight of stairs must have a width equal to (not less, but more possible) the width of the emergency exit;

• Structures connecting more than 2 floors and turning staircases are designed, according to GOST standards, with a flight width of 1.0 m to provide safe passage for several people at once;
• The dimensions of the marches in the presence of lifts for the disabled are equal to 1.5 m;
• The construction of two- and multi-flight stairs must take into account the same width of the flight along the entire height of the object;
• If the marches according to the project will be placed in the opposite direction to each other, then a mandatory gap of 50 mm or more will be provided between them;
• The number of steps should be odd - from 3 to 18. SNiP stipulates that it is more comfortable for people to start and complete a move with one leg;
• The slope of stairs of various types is calculated as follows:
• Objects inside the house and main interfloor ones - rise at an angle of 45 0 (slope 1:1 no more) and 26 0 40’ (slope 1:2 no less);
• The maximum upper value of the slope is a rise at an angle of 50 0 (slope 1: 0.85);
• The maximum lower value of the slope is a rise at an angle of 20 0 (slope 1: 2.75);
• Extension ladders - climbing at a slope exceeding 1:0.85;
• Ramps - slope less than 5 0.

Some requirements of GOST standards and SNiP overlap. When drawing up projects, the purpose of the building matters. In residential and administrative buildings, the requirements for the comfort and safety of people play a vital role, therefore compliance with SNiP is recommended.

General requirements for stair elements

Regulatory documents also describe the parameters of staircase elements - steps, railings, lighting. Based on SNiP, design an object convenient for moving people up and down the flights. Therefore, when drawing up a design for internal staircases for multi-storey buildings with high traffic volumes, their compliance is highly desirable. If there are GOST requirements for the construction project, regulatory documents are compared. In view of the fact that staircase elements must be comfortable to use and safe, their dimensions are as follows:

• Degrees.

The height within one flight of stairs is no less than 12 cm and no more than 20 cm. However, the difference in the size of the steps should not exceed 5 mm, otherwise an uneven slope will be observed, which is unsafe when descending. The width depends on the purpose of the building under construction. If you are designing stairs for a residential multi-storey building, then the width of the steps should be from 25 cm (we are talking about the main interfloor objects). In public buildings, this parameter is reduced to 20 cm. If the steps are 0.26 meters wide, then its protrusion should be no more than 30 mm (less is possible).

• Wedge-shaped steps.

A tread of 10 cm on the inner border of the useful width of the wedge-shaped (winder) degrees. The size of the tread increases to 26 cm (not less) for marching stairs.

• Staircase landings.

The dimensions of the platforms are calculated based on the useful width of the adjacent flights. They should be no less. The platform should have a length equal to 2 times the average step of an adult. Physical size - 1.31-1.42 meters. If the landing is located in front of the main entrance, then its length should be at least a meter. When calculating the area of ​​an element, the type matters front door, the opening side of the doors and the dimensions of the doorway, especially when using swing doors. The landing towards which the sash opens is made wider and longer, otherwise it will be inconvenient and unsafe for an adult to manipulate it.

• Fencing.

According to the requirements, when designing stairs between floors, it is necessary to provide enclosing structures with a height of 90 cm. The spacing between railing balusters is no more than 15 cm. In multi-apartment residential buildings, where the main structure will be used by small children, the height of the fence should be from 1.2 to 1.5 m, and the pitch between balusters is no more than 10 cm. There are also requirements for entrance porch structures. If they are designed for 3 or more steps, then the height of the fence should be at least 800 mm.

The lighting requirements for the main structures must also be observed. SNiP require high-quality illumination of steps, especially the first and last elements of the flight. If there are window openings (according to GOST, if they are located at the height of an adult), they must be fenced.

The video below describes in more detail the requirements for stair elements. It is explained why exactly these dimensions and values ​​for the railings were obtained.

Design and construction of fire escapes

There are no regulatory documents providing recommendations regarding the placement and size of fire escapes. External structures are described by GOST R 53254-2009. But since they can have both a vertical and a marching form, there are requirements for them operational characteristics. They are as follows:

• Guardrails for flight stairs are required;
• Vertical structures are equipped with a fence if their height exceeds 5 m;
• Fire escapes in residential buildings and non-residential buildings with a height of 6 floors or more can only be of the flight type;
• Production material - metal. The steel grade is selected depending on the climatic conditions in which the structure will be operated;
• The width of the vertical structure, taking into account the fencing, is from 800 mm;
• Main width - 600 mm;
• Fences for the marching structure must have a height of 1 meter.

The requirements also include the design of roof railings. Their height is 60 cm. Metal elements are tested once every 5 years. In this case, the test loads must exceed the permissible ones by 7-20 times.

Basic regulatory documents for various types of stairs

• II-23-81 – steel objects;
• II-25-80 – wooden objects;
• 35-01 2001 - objects with ramps for the disabled;
• 2.01.07-85 - describes the permissible loads on all stair elements;
• 2.08.01-89 - design of residential buildings;
• 2.08.02-89 - design of public buildings.